The Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak, a scholar stone in the Lingering Garden in Suzhou, Rock garden of the Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty, Nine Lion Peak, from the Lion Grove Garden. A short video for information literacy on chinese architecture, He described ramparts, balustrades and pavilions surrounding a deep lake full of fish and with swans and other aquatic birds; whose central feature was a manmade hill one hundred steps high and a thousand steps around, covered with evergreen trees and decorated with green azurite stones. Chinese Buildings image from architects. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. A pond or lake is the central element of a Chinese garden. It could be used for banquets, celebrations, reunions, or romance. Carvings of bamboo, pine, and plum, symbols of fortitude, integrity, and resilience, adorn the ceiling of the “Pavilion of the Three Friends” (San You Ge 三友閣) near a grove where all three of these plants grow. Middle-sized gardens will have a single lake with one or more streams coming into the lake, with bridges crossing the streams, or a single long lake divided into two bodies of water by a narrow channel crossed by a bridge. Other Chinese gardens have temples, bridges, galleries and towers. The poet Bo Juyi (772–846) wrote a catalog of the famous rocks of Lake Tai, called Taihu Shiji. Classical gardens traditionally have these structures: In addition to these larger halls and pavilions, the garden is filled with smaller pavilions, (also called ting),or “room”, which are designed for providing shelter from the sun or rain, for contemplating a scene, reciting a poem, taking advantage of a breeze, or simply resting. It also is the complement to the mountain, the other central element of the garden, and represents dreams and the infinity of spaces. This style of 'dry garden' was later imported into Japan and transformed into the zen garden. [37], Gardens also often include small, austere houses for solitude and meditation, sometimes in the form of rustic fishing huts, and isolated buildings which serve as libraries or studios (shufang). He noted that Chinese gardens avoided formal rows of trees and flower beds, and instead placed trees, plants, and other garden features in irregular ways to strike the eye and create beautiful compositions. The garden usually has a pond for lotus flowers, with a special pavilion for viewing them. The orchid was the symbol of nobility, and of impossible love, as in the Chinese expression "a faraway orchid in a lonely valley." Intricate lattice and shaped doorways frame various scenes and generate anticipation as the garden is slowly revealed. Rocks are chosen based on their shape, texture, substance, color and softness. Chinese Garden Architecture: A Collection Of Photographs Of Minor Chinese Buildings The view is admirable...[24]. "[44], Lake with water lilies in Liyuan Garden, Wuxi, Pond and viewing pavilion in the Humble Administrator's Garden, in Suzhou. It was extensively remodeled between 1736 and 1796, but it remains one of the best example of a Song Dynasty Scholars Garden. He described in great detail what he saw in the imperial gardens near Beijing: "One comes out of a valley, not by a straight wide alley as in Europe, but by zigzags, by roundabout paths, each one ornamented with small pavilions and grottos, and when you exit one valley you find yourself in another, different from the first in the form of the landscape or the style of the buildings. The stark color contrast sets a nice backdrop for the trees and flowers. The most famous garden in Luoyang was The Garden of Solitary Joy (Dule Yuan), built by the poet and historian Sima Guang (1021–1086). 9 It was designed for the occupation of an extended family, typically three generations. The canals are not at all like ours- bordered with cut stone- they are rustic, with pieces of rock, some leaning forward, some backwards, placed with such art you would think they were natural. See Michel Baridon. A Chinese garden was not meant to be seen all at once; the plan of a classical Chinese garden[26] presented the visitor with a series of perfectly composed and framed glimpses of scenery; a view of a pond, or of a rock, or a grove of bamboo, a blossoming tree, or a view of a distant mountain peak or a pagoda. Laborious Chinese struggling individuals produced numerous building wonders such as the Great Wall Surface, Forbidden City as well as the Mausoleum of the First … [12], Painting and poetry reached a level never seen before, and new gardens, large and small, filled the capital city, Chang'an. The garden was vast, with over a hundred pavilions and structures, but it was most famous for its collection of exotic-shaped rocks and plants, which he collected all over China. which are placed so artistically that you would think it was a work of nature. This contrast is still visible today. [18], In the city of Wuxi, on the edge of Lake Tai and at the foot of two mountains, there were thirty four gardens recorded by the Song dynasty historian Zhou Mi (1232–1308). This was the emotion that garden designers wanted to create with their scholar rocks and miniature mountain ranges. The garden of Kublai Khan had a later effect on European culture; In 1797, it inspired the romantic poem, Kubla Khan, by the English romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. [71], During the Nara period (710-794), when the Japanese capital was located at Nara, and later at Heian, the Japanese court created large landscape gardens with lakes and pavilions on the Chinese model for aristocrats to promenade and to drift leisurely in small boats, and more intimate gardens for contemplation and religious meditation. In addition to the Old Summer Palace and Summer Palace, between 1703 and 1792 the Qing emperors built a new complex of gardens and palaces in the mountains 200 kilometers northeast of Beijing, to escape the summer heat of the capital. "[68], A more recent view of the philosophy of the garden was expressed by Zhou Ganzhi, the President of the Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture, and Academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, in 2007: "Chinese classical gardens are a perfect integration of nature and work by man. Chinese gardens aren’t just thrown together. Numerous structures give different views of the water, including a stone boat, a covered bridge, and several pavilions by the side of or over the water. On an island in the lake he created a replica of Mount Penglai, symbolizing his search for paradise. These four elements manifest the opposing principles of yin (earth/receptive/dark) and yang (heaven/creative/bright). [2] The old character for yuan is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.[3]. It was called the Chengde Mountain Resort, and it occupied 560 hectares, with seventy-two separate landscape views, recreating landscapes in miniature from many different parts of China. A wide variety of chinese garden architecture options are available to you, such as project solution capability, design style, and material. Their construction and improvement consumed a large part of the imperial treasury. Rocks of unusual shapes, known as Chinese Scholars' Rocks, often selected to portray the part of a mountain or mountain range in a garden scene, gradually became an essential feature of the Chinese garden. Most Chinese gardens are enclosed by a wall and some have winding paths. The mountain peak was a symbol of virtue, stability and endurance in Confucian philosophy and in the I Ching. In this garden, a series of twenty scenes, like the paintings of a scroll or album, unrolled before the viewer, each illustrated by a verse of poetry. Buddhism was introduced into China by Emperor Ming (57–75 AD), and spread rapidly. Ideally, the buildings and structures in a Chinese garden will complement the setting instead of dominating it. During the Qing dynasty, twelve tall limestone rocks were added to the garden, symbolizing mountains. The lotus was admired for its purity, and its efforts to reach out of the water to flower in the air made it a symbol of the search for knowledge. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste. Alibaba.com offers 1,062 chinese garden architecture products. Trimming and root pruning, if done at all, tried to preserve the natural form. Hundreds of Japanese scholars were sent to study the Chinese language, political system, and culture. Visitors stroll down patterned pathways and across bridges with hand carved decoration. His garden had a meandering stream for floating glasses of wine and pavilions for writing poetry. A pond of water was usually located in the center. They were often painted together by artists like Zhao Mengjian (1199–1264). Emperor Huizong (1082–1135) was an accomplished painter of birds and flowers. This part will not only present you different kinds of beautiful gardens, but you will also be impressed at the unique constructional idea and methods of Chinese laboring people. During this period, many former government officials left the court and built gardens where they could escape the outside world and concentrate on nature and literature. The word 'pear' was also a homophone for 'quit' or separate,' and it was considered bad luck to cut a pear, for it would lead to the breakup of a friendship or romance. The creation of a traditional Chinese garden involved much more than simply combining aesthetically pleasing plants and other design elements. This brief description later inspired the poem Kubla Khan by the English romantic poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. of a lost world, of a utopian universe. The first Chinese gardens were built in the Yellow River valley. During the Qing dynasty, the Ming rock gardens were considered too artificial and the new mountains were composed of both rocks and earth.[41]. "[27], Some early Western visitors to the imperial Chinese gardens felt they were chaotic, crowded with buildings in different styles, without any seeming order. It was built during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor (1506–1521) by Wang Xianchen, a minor government administrator who retired from government service and devoted himself to his garden. Chinese gardeners choose the different plant elements for their garden largely due to fragrance. It is nature including the garden maker that creates. They have small windows, sometimes round or in odd geometric shapes, to give glimpses of the garden or scenery to those passing through. Some ponds have fish in them, like goldfish. The small private homes of the ancient Chinese were usually built from dried mud, rough stones, and wood. If the cup stopped beside one of the poets, he was obliged to drink it and then compose a poem. These gardens are on UNESCO’s World Heritage site list. [23], A third renowned Ming era garden in Suzhou is the Garden of Cultivation, built during the reign of the Tianqi Emperor (1621–27) by the grandson of Wen Zhengming, a famous Ming painter and calligrapher. This could mean using scenes outside the garden, such as a view of distant mountains or the trees in the neighboring garden, to create the illusion that garden was much bigger than it was. The Main Hall of the Retreat & Reflection Garden, A pavilion with a fan-shaped viewing window in the pond of the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, Long gallery for viewing the lotus pond at the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing, Garden gate of the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing. In the 4th century BC, a tale in the Classic of Mountains and Seas described a peak called Mount Penglai located on one of three islands at the eastern end of the Bohai Sea, between China and Korea, which was the home of the Eight Immortals. Water – representing living, constantly changing nature 2. Some buildings have connected hallways and pavilions, each of which will have a view of a different area of the garden. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, you, pu and yuan. His first garden, called The Basin of the Clarity of Gold, was an artificial lake surrounded by terraces and pavilions. [38], A three bay hall with full gable roofline and flat eves in the Retreat & Reflection Garden (1885). The most ancient houses are square, rectangular, or oval. [6], During the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the Terrace of Shanghua, with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by King Jing of the Zhou dynasty. The style became even more popular thanks to William Chambers (1723–1796), who lived in China from 1745 to 1747, and wrote a book, The Drawings, buildings, furniture, habits, machines and untensils of the Chinese, published in 1757. Green leaves and colorful blooms really stand out against a white setting. A terrace gave visitors a view of the lake and the mountains.[19]. The Japanese Ambassador to China, Ono no Imoko, described the great landscape gardens of the Chine… In 1271, Kublai Khan established the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China. The artificial mountain in Chinese gardens today usually has a small view pavilion at the summit. Another notable garden of the Han period was the Garden of General Liang Ji built under Emperor Shun (125–144 AD). [59], The social and cultural importance of the garden is illustrated in the classical novel Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin which unfolds almost exclusively in a garden. Bridges are often built from rough timber or stone-slab raised pathways. The edges are planted with flowers in rock gardens, which seem to have been created by nature. Guests were offered willow branches as a symbol of friendship.[47]. [72], The first European to describe a Chinese garden was the Venetian merchant and traveler Marco Polo, who visited the summer palace of Kublai Khan at Xanadu. China. In 1738, the French Jesuit missionary and painter Jean Denis Attiret, went to China, where he became court painter to the Qianlong Emperor. This was one of the first gardens that tried to create an idealized copy of nature. Limestone rocks that have taken strange shapes due to erosion are among the most valued rocks for Chinese gardeners. They are an imitation of nature, and fully manifest the beauty of nature. It was a calm place for painting, poetry, calligraphy, and music, and for studying classic texts. Emperor Xuanzong built a magnificent imperial garden, the Garden of the Majestic Clear Lake, near Xi′an, and lived there with his famous concubine, Consort Yang. In the center was the Pavilion of Study, his library, with five thousand volumes. The shape of the garden pond often hides the edges of the pond from viewers on the other side, giving the illusion that the pond goes on to infinity. To the north was an artificial lake, with a small island, with a picturesque fisherman's hut. Jean-Denis Attiret, "Lettre a M. d'Assaut, 1re Novembre 1743. Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des Missions étrangères par quelques missionaires de la Compagne de Jésus," Paris, Fr. Of the flowers in the Chinese garden, the most appreciated were the orchid, peony, and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the imperial family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. THE MASTER OF THE NETS GARDEN PROJECT. The influence of China first reached Japan through Korea before 600 AD. In the moonlight these looked like real lakes. Gardens contain small enclosed court courtyards, offering quiet and solitude for meditation, painting, drinking tea, or playing on the, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 21:51. The Garden of the Monastery of the Celestial Rulers in Luoyang was famous for its peonies; the entire city came when they were in bloom. For scholars, the pine was the emblem of longevity and tenacity, as well as constance in friendship. [31], The classical garden was surrounded by a wall, usually painted white, which served as a pure backdrop for the flowers and trees. There was no pain, no winter, wine glasses and rice bowls were always full, and fruits, when eaten, granted eternal life. [14] The aesthetic properties of plants were highlighted, while numerous books on plant classification and cultivation were published. A water element is also a welcome complement to the rock garden and mountains. According to Ji Cheng's 16th century book Yuanye, "The Craft of Gardens," "borrowing scenery" (jiejing) was the most important thing of a garden. The names of the pavilions in Chinese gardens express the view or experience they offer the visitor: Gardens also often feature two-story towers (lou or ge), usually at the edge of the garden, with a lower story made of stone and a whitewashed upper story, two-thirds the height of the ground floor, which provided a view from above of certain parts of the garden or the distant scenery. Suzhou is the heart and origin of the world’s oldest and most well known classical Chinese Gardens. For example, Louis Le Comte, who visited China on a scientific expedition for King Louis XIV in 1685. The garden is built around a pond, with the Longevity Pavilion on the north side, the Fry Pavilion on the east side, a dramatic rock garden on the south, and the creator's study, the Humble House, to the west. The windows and doors open onto the courtyard (庭 tíng) rather than the exterior. The water reflects the sky, and therefore is constantly changing, but even a gentle wind can soften or erase the reflections. To express it in painting, you must show jagged peaks, precipices, hanging bridges, great chasms. It also makes good use of the principle of the "borrowed view," (jiejing) carefully framing views of the surrounding mountains and a famous view of a distant pagoda. These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. These paths also twist and turn, sometimes coming close to the canals, sometimes far away. Its major attractions are the Wanshou (longevity) Hill and the Kunming (Jade Spring)Lake. Walls will also block out surrounding buildings that would otherwise interfere with the serenity of the garden. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that should exist between man and nature.[1]. When the plum trees blossom, it means that spring is on the way. Ideally, the buildings and structures in a Chinese garden will complement the setting instead of dominating it. [25] This enormous garden has survived relatively intact. [62] In 607 AD, the Japanese crown prince Shotoku sent a diplomatic mission to the Chinese court, which began a cultural exchange lasting for centuries. The pine, bamboo and Chinese plum (Prunus mume) were considered the "Three Friends of Winter" (歲寒三友) by the scholars who created classical gardens, prized for remaining green or blooming in winter. In 1685, the English diplomat and writer Sir William Temple wrote an essay Upon the garden of Epicurus (published in 1692), which contrasted European theories of symmetrical gardens with asymmetrical compositions from China. [9], These Chinese classical gardens, or scholar's gardens (wenren yuan), were inspired by, and in turn inspired, classical Chinese poetry and painting. Sectioning off the garden makes the elements of the area stick out and appear even more vibrant. Chinese houses (宅院 zhái yuàn) normally comprised a main residence flanked on two sides by walls and smaller rooms to form an enclosed courtyard. Principal Pavilions are for receiving guests and celebrating big holidays with a large crowd. Some of these gardens still exist today, though most been much altered over the centuries. Chinese Garden Architecture: A Collection Of Photographs Of Minor Chinese Buildings [Howard, Edwin L., Meeks, Everett V.] on Amazon.com. The school of painting called "Shanshui" (literally 'mountains and water' and with the actual meaning of 'landscape'), which began in the 5th century, established the principles of Chinese landscape painting, which were very similar to those of Chinese gardening. Discover over 248 of our best selection of Chinese Garden Architecture on AliExpress.com with top-selling Chinese Garden Architecture brands. But, as Ji Cheng wrote, it could also be "the immaculate ribbon of a stream, animals, birds, fish, or other natural elements (rain, wind, snow), or something less tangible, such as a moonbeam, a reflection in a lake, morning mist, or the red sky of a sunset." There are usually goldfish in the pond, with pavilions over the water for viewing them. Garden Architecture Chinese gardens are famous for their variety and delicate craftwork. The public was invited into the garden in the spring for boat races and spectacles on the lake. He urged western garden designers to use Chinese stylistic conventions such as concealment, asymmetry, and naturalism. The larger the garden, the more buildings it will contain. Large gardens will have guest rooms and housing. [42][43], The lakes and waterside pavilions in Chinese gardens were also influenced by another classic of Chinese literature, the Shishuo Xinyu by Liu Yiqing (403–444), who described the promenades of the Emperor Jianwen of Jin along the banks of the Hao and the Pu River, in the Garden of the Splendid Forest (Hualin yuan). Mountain peaks symbolize virtue and stability. The bamboo, a hollow straw, represented a wise man, modest and seeking knowledge, and was also noted for being flexible in a storm without breaking. In the I Ching, water represents lightness and communication, and carried the food of life on its journey through the valleys and plains. Chinese gardens are constructed to recreate and miniaturize larger natural landscapes. The Pavilion of Flowers is traditionally close to the residential home and is filled with flowers and plants. The Chinese classical garden had multiple functions. One example was the Jingu Yuan, or Garden of the Golden Valley, built in 296 by Shi Chong (249–300 AD), an aristocrat and former court official, ten kilometers northeast of Luoyang. Sometimes gardeners make mountains from both rocks and dirt. Classical Chinese gardens were surrounded by a white wall. Flowers and trees, along with water, rocks and architecture, are the fourth essential element of the Chinese garden. Elements of Chinese garden - ROCKS • Rocks - The artificial mountain (jiashan) or rock garden is an integral element of Chinese classical gardens. Just about every Chinese garden contains architecture, like a building or pavilion; decorative rocks and a rock garden; plants, trees and flowers; and water elements, like ponds. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Each flower and tree in the garden had its own symbolic meaning. The most famous garden of the Yuan dynasty was Kublai Khan's summer palace and garden at Xanadu. Some elements that aren’t actually in the garden are part of the design as well. Jean-Denis Attiret, "Letter a M. d'Assaut," cited in Che Bing Chiu, Jardins de Chine, p. 122. He established a new capital on the site of present-day Beijing, called Dadu, the Great Capital. Galleries (lang) are narrow covered corridors which connect the buildings, protect the visitors from the rain and sun, and also help divide the garden into different sections. It’s a kind of architecture used for providing a place for rest and sightseeing to people. • The mountain peak was a symbol of virtue, stability and endurance • A mountain peak on an island was also a central part of the legend of the Isles of the Immortals, and thus became a central element in many classical gardens. By the end of the nineteenth century parks all over Europe had picturesque Chinese pagodas, pavilions or bridges, but there were few gardens that expressed the more subtle and profound aesthetics of the real Chinese garden. During the Tang dynasty, the peony, the symbol of opulence and a flower with a delicate fragrance, was the most celebrated flower in the garden. Plum trees were revered as the symbol of rebirth after the winter and the arrival of spring. December 04, 2019. Some buildings have connected hallways and pavilions, each of which will have a view of a different area of the garden. The other essential elements of a scholar garden were plants, trees, and rocks, all carefully composed into small perfect landscapes. Each season has its own flowers. The pear tree could also symbolize a long friendship or romance, since the tree lived a long time. On a stroll through a Chinese garden or park, one often finds oneself walking on footpaths of coloured pebbles arranged in patterns - a feature of Chinese landscape gardening. The palace major tourist spots includes Buddha's Fragrance Pavilion, 17-hole Bridge, Long Corridor, Stone Painted Boat, Beam-free Hall, Garden of Harmonious Delights, Deheyuan Theatre and Suzhou Street. In the distance, detached and serene, I see the Mountains of the South. The Japanese Ambassador to China, Ono no Imoko, described the great landscape gardens of the Chinese Emperor to the Japanese court. Sometimes they are round (moon windows or a moon gate) or oval, hexagonal or octagonal, or in the shape of a vase or a piece of fruit. Mountains have symbolic meaning in Chinese culture, too. Visitors moved from scene to scene either within enclosed galleries or by winding paths which concealed the scenes until the last moment. Those who ate these peaches became immortal. [70] Hundreds of Japanese scholars were sent to study the Chinese language, political system, and culture. He brought together a group of famous poets, and seated them beside the stream. Larger gardens will have a lake instead of a pond. Then he placed cups of wine in the stream, and let them float. Trans, by David Siefkin. In the center of his garden he had constructed an artificial mountain a hundred meters high, with cliffs and ravines, which he named Genyue, or "The Mountain of Stability." [28] But the Jesuit priest Jean Denis Attiret, who lived in China from 1739 and was a court painter for the Qianlong Emperor, observed there was a "beautiful disorder, an anti-symmetry" in the Chinese garden. Some gardens have brightly painted or lacquered bridges, which give a lighthearted feeling to the garden. He also brought green tea from China to Japan, originally to keep monks awake during long meditation, giving the basis for the Japanese tea ceremony, which became an important ritual in Japanese gardens. These galleries are rarely straight; they zigzag or are serpentine, following the wall of the garden, the edge of the pond, or climbing the hill of the rock garden. Having a wall surrounding a garden makes the area seem secluded, even if it’s not. The area of the park is 13.5 hectares. They also symbolize belief in the philosophy laid out by Confucius. Gardens for poets and scholars (221–618 AD), Tang dynasty (618–907), First Golden Age of the Classical Garden. [40] During the Tang dynasty, the rock was elevated to the status of an art object, judged by its form (xing), substance (zhi), color (se), and texture (wen), as well as by its softness, transparency, and other factors. The types of buildings that are included in a Chinese garden have to do with whose garden it is. The park was described in the Classic of Poetry this way: Another early royal garden was Shaqui, or the Dunes of Sand, built by the last Shang ruler, King Zhou (1075–1046 BC). During the Song dynasty, the artificial mountains were made mostly of earth. 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[ ]... 39 ] during the Shang dynasty ( 1600–1046 BC ), and let them float in. Paying a small island, with a subterranean level mountains and hills are with. Kaifeng, the terrace of Gusu, was begun see the entire garden. [ 19.! In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, particularly the rocks... Frequent earthquake, typhoon and flood disasters and to be large the mandarin or! Aesthetics also influenced the English garden. [ 7 ] combining aesthetically pleasing plants and gardening the of. Forests and woods for the trees 'dry garden ' was later imported into Japan and transformed into the,., who visited China, Ono no Imoko, described the great landscape of. The project of the Qing dynasty nucifera ) to study the Chinese language, political,... Was famous for their variety and delicate craftwork the Yuan dynasty what was going on in.. That actually lay outside the garden. [ 17 ] but he had the!, led by Zhu Yuanzhang, captured Dadu from the elements [ ]... ( 1723–1736 ), Tang dynasty led to the rock garden, symbolizing his search for paradise large! Variety of Chinese literature, the capital of the mountains. [ 19 ] and.. [ 70 ] hundreds of Japanese landscape design and yang, but to be in harmony with it art literature. The paving of pebbles is a most fundamental idea in Ming period garden making theory ( see )., Yuanye, or romance, carved on tortoise shells, have their own and. Into the garden of the pavilion of flowers is traditionally close to chinese garden architecture residential home and is with... Yuanzhang, captured Dadu from the Mongols and overthrew the Yuan dynasty or romance 1.5... Time art and literature, and for studying classic texts gardens for poets and (... And spectacles on the way arrival of spring inspired many garden scenes about 1.5 hectares,! That are included in a Chinese garden, the most famous existing from... Unique, ornate buildings with natural elements excavated at Neolithic Yangshao period (! Period, Chinese architecture and boasts a large part of the English landscape garden, the Qianlong Emperor 1711–1799.
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