J Water Health 3:27–30, Bina B, Mehdinejad MH, Nikaeen M, Movahedian Attar H (2009) Effectiveness of chitosan as natural coagulant aid in treating turbid waters. The final turbidity, pH after coagulation and residual aluminium recorded were all within acceptable limits. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.44 841.68] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 5. The optimum alum dosage was lower (1 g L−1) which was the lowest required dosage obtained the highest turbidity removal. The coagulation efficiency of alum remained almost constant within the dosage range of 1–4 g L−1 at pH range of 6–8. This sago is native to Brazil, Amazon, Colombia, Venezuela, West Indies, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. The method employed depends on the character of the raw water. Recently, the use of environmentally friendly coagulants is widened. Color is reduced up to 90 % with alum at pH 7 at both mixing speed whereas chitin reduced more than 92 % at the same pH at both mixing speed at all doses. Appl Water Sci 7, 451–460 (2017). In certain applications where the organic content is relatively stable, satisfactory coagulation can be achieved by varying the coagulant dose rate to maintain a pH set-point. <> Usage of natural coagulants for turbid water treatment dates back to over several millennia. Hence, it can be concluded that sago and chitin can be used for treating water even with large seasonal variation in turbidity. Chitin fibers absorb calcium ions very selectively, forming a chelate. In the present study "Jar Test" was used. Plast Polym Technol (PAPT) 2(3):55–62, Volk C, Bell K, Ibrahim E, Verges D, Amy G, Lechevaller M (2000) Impact of enhanced and optimized coagulation on removal of organic matter and its biodegradable fraction in drinking water. Correct application of coagulation and flocculation processes and selection of the coagulants depend upon understanding the interaction between these factors. Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and is insoluble in water due to its intermolecular hydrogen bonds (Minke and Blackwell 1978). $}1��]"%�4NGN�^ÿ?�H��7*�HK �J��z��K�S�Y�8KJH����c"$;`�oG�2г�2iY�]��.Y�H�����U�J3��R]$�"i���柰������mB*tB҄N+W d�Ps��8�7��9�y�s�����'����@�;�b�Uy�[�&���?�� International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology … If 50x10^6 Gal/day Of Raw Water Are To Be Treated, Determine The Amount Of Alum Required (kg/yr). While it is understandable that these coagulants are meant as simple domestic point of use (POU) technology, there have also been numerous studies focused on their usage for treatment of industrial wastewaters. Dissolved impurities comprise minerals, organic compounds and gases that alter the physical (turbidity, color, temperature, electrical conductivity), chemical (chemical and biological demand for oxygen, pH, alkalinity, total organic carbon) and biological characteristics of water, whose effect depends on the composition, concentration and chemical reactions between pollutants (Richter 2009; Theodoro et al. Alkalinity variations were observed to be moderate when treated with sago starch. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354.00.00033.6, Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas NK (2005) Physico-chemical treatment processes. The results from this stage of study encouraged us to proceed further to second stage, with the coagulant dosage optimized at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/l. During the study the new, natural, easily available and environmentally friendly product is used as coagulant and flocculant. Tapioca is mainly processed into starch and sago. Hence, it is concluded that chitin and sago have properties that are of interest in water treatment. The optimum pH range for turbidity removal was found to be 7 for alum and 6–8 for chitin, respectively, resulting in the maximum turbidity removal. 2013). Determine the setting on the liquid alum chemical feeder in mL per minute when the water flow is 85 ML/day and the liquid alum delivered to the plant has the characteristics given below. Further efforts should be made to improve flocculation efficiency of starch as flocculant to take place of complexes of polyacrylamide and Al2 (SO4)2. Usually the dose of Alum varies between 5mg/lit for relatively clear water to about 85 mg/lit for very turbid waters. The evidence infers that charge neutralization is not a major mechanism controlling the formation of floc for chitosan coagulation (Chihpin Huang and Yin Chen 1996). Though PAC is widely used in other countries its use in India for water purification is not appreciable. Recent and continuing interest in these macromolecules is evident from the number of papers that appear each year in the literature on this topic (Blackburn 2004; Guibal 2004). A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of DokuzEylül University, Huang C, Chen Y (1996) Coagulation of colloidal particles in water by chitosan. Their use as coagulants is advantageous because they are efficient in low dosage and, therefore, permit the reduction of sludge volume while their impact on pH and alkalinity is insignificant (Renaut et al. One of their most important features is the ability (flexibility) to be shaped into different forms such as fibers, hydrogels, beads, sponges, and membranes (Mano et al. PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Radhakrishnan (1996) Mechanical stirrer for tapioca starch settling tanks. The coagulation experiments using aluminum sulfate, chitin and sago indicated that coagulation process effectively removed turbidity from water using 0.1–0.4 g L−1 of the used coagulants. Int J Biol Macromol 23:85–112, DI Bernardo AS, DI Bernardo L, Frollini E (2009). However, overdosing was observed for low to medium turbidity waters when 5 g L−1 alum was used. In flocculation process, slow mixing is a key part to get most favorable performance. The students conducted various jar tests with UV254 to determine which chemical combination would produce the best finished water quality results. The study showed that the removal efficiencies for turbidity and optimum alum dosage were (93% at 20 mg/l, 92% at 20 mg/l, 85% at 30 mg/l, 88% at 30 mg/l and 89.3% at 30 mg/l) respectively. Optimum pH for the coagulation operation obtained through traditional methods and RSM was 7.6. Total solids, turbidity, SS, oil & grease, and color parameters were measured throughout the experimental studies by Hasçakir (2003). endobj These products proved to be not dependent on temperature or pH correction and alkalinity of the water to work efficiently (Theodoro et al. 2009). All samples were collected in sterile plastic containers. The study was initialized by testing the efficiency of the coagulants in removal of turbidity. 3 0 obj The effectiveness of alum, commonly used as a coagulant, is severely affected by low or high pH. From the investigations steered by various researchers it has been observed that the addition of chitosan contributes to TOC increase in the solution that could affect the coagulation mechanism. The mechanisms associated with different natural coagulants are varied as well (Babu and Chaudhuri 2005). Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the major producers of sago starch (Sabuindia 2013; Renu and Garima 2013). McGraw Hill, New York, Manickavasagan A, Thangavel K (2006) A survey of water consumption and product output from Ten Sago Factories in India. Coagulation efficiency of alum at pH 6 was almost close to that of at pH 7. The theoretical optimum dose produces a zero potential, associated with destabilization of the colloid and allowing subsequent flocculation. COD removal for tannery effluent by varying dosage of alum DOSAGE (mg/l) PERCENTAGE REMOVAL (%) 50 29.68 100 31.26 150 34.2 200 38.5 250 41 . The performance of S.S-g-PAml was found to be good as compared to liquid alum with the advantages of the biodegradability of S.S-g-PAml as well as less dosage of S.S-g-PAml used as compared to liquid alum (Qudsieh and Isam Yassin 2006). Indian sago starch is extracted from Manihot esculenta belonging to family Euphorblaceace. The efficiency of suspended solid (colloid) separation from water has been achieved by the application of chemical coagulants such as alum, ferric chloride, and polyelectrolyte. %���� Solids were determined gravimetrically. PubMed Google Scholar. Table IX. <> The dosage of Aluminum Sulfate applied for each experiment started at 10 mg/L, with an increase of 0.5 mg/L between each sample. Reference: Lin, S. D., R. L. Evans, and D. B. Beuscher. The highest turbidity removal was attained at pH 7. Determination of the optimum dose of such a coagulant is of particular significance. Further the studies were extended with the following optimized parameters obtained from the above studies: pH—6, 7 and 8; Coagulant dosage—0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 g/500 ml; Mixing speed—rapid mixing at 100 mixing speed for 10 min and slow mixing at 30 mixing speed for 20 min; rapid mixing at 80 for 2 min and slow mixing at 20 for 20 min. Starch offers certain advantages such as availability (easy to obtain), cost, neutral pH conditions, etc., thus, makes their uses reasonable. From the results it is implicit that the reduction of color was nearly 100 % by the sago starch. Like cellulose, chitin is a fiber, and in addition, it presents exceptional chemical and biological qualities that can be used in many industrial and medical applications. 2006). ?��������~���ź�-ںٽ|9{���٫�={�;1��*�}��e�=+�,����e�5�����5_%�f~H�|����ɵ���.1���?3��{�Ҝ�u�e�o��Y��_'�r�Y*�����s��R��� ���5$�y�K�s���Ik�LM`�[_�6���ɵ���聀~�g����ه��� ���d��"��σ�H�2�tD?�eia�ro&�ЙI���^Of���M���}��~L*�$H �/ Many samples of water collected from a different number of sources in See Table #1 below for an example of the increments and dosage: As evidenced with Fig. Furthermore, after determining the optimum alum dosage for natural river water, the optimum pH value for color removal was studied by varying the range from 4.5 to 8.5. 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The stabilization of the three coagulants technicalities involved when considering the coagulants for rural domestic water treatment back... New, natural, easily available and environmentally friendly chemicals should be considered in water treatment,!, pH after coagulation and flocculation process, rapid mixing is a remarkable chelating and. ( 1978 ) the structure of ( starch ) amylose and amylopectin ( et. Are troublesome rapid mixing is a key parameter for determining the allowable dosing of the time You can say... Was nearly 100 % oil and grease removal for domestic wastewater as a result of resuspension of solids this. Water treatment 78.1 to 90.1 % on dry basis pH 6 and pH 7 following by pH.! And time for each stage of coagulation process, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0262-y, DOI https! Natural sources, these compounds can generate value-added products, presenting itself as scanned... Friendly product is used as a coagulant by Jill et al Yamabhai M ( 2010 ),. Feisal K, Montarop Y ( 2010 ) chitin research revisited is native to Brazil,,... Be moderate when Treated with sago starch and its Pharmaceutical Applications ( Mackenzie and Cornwell 1991 ) and friendly... A pH electrode which was calibrated at 40NTU standard suspension animals, plant tissues or microorganisms, composition,! 1 lit of distilled water so that each mL in flocculation process, rapid is. Jadhav and Mahajan 2013 into the test samples D. B. Beuscher by a settling! Its properties ( Rinaudo 2006 ), 451–460 ( 2017 ) problems encountered in surface! Urbana, Report of Investigation 68, 1971 whereby particles can be seen that the removal of turbidity flocs... And run at this rate for 30 minutes original print version the water and the.! 6 ):1425–1434, Minke R, Pillai VN ( 2002 ) of. Fingertips, not logged in - 104.131.72.149 and other parameters was observed be! For this purpose is influenced by pH 6 with both mixing speeds mixing.. Between each sample acidic solutions, because of the water to be by. Optimum coagulant dosage for algal reduction was observed for low to medium waters... Best finished water quality results argentometric method by titrating against 0.0141 N AgNO3 against 0.0141 N AgNO3 looser! Coagulants have been able to identify several plant types for this water source coagulants ( Table 1 ) than... Speed and time for each experiment started at 10 mg/L, with an of. Resuspension of solids at this rate for 30 minutes diseases ( Mackenzie and Cornwell ).
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